CLOSED SYSTEMS:

The most common closed systems are recirculating chilled and hot water loops, which have many design variations.

There are also other closed systems such as closed condenser loops and those that serve water source heat pumps.

A true closed system does not utilize evaporation. In theory, a closed system should have very little if any makeup water since there is no loss through evaporation. Due to this fact many consider closed systems to be less dynamic, requiring less attention than open systems. This assumption can be a very serious mistake.

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